目前，地方本科院校在我国高等教育系统中占有重要地位。但地方院校受传统教育模式的影响，定位模糊，发展方向朝学术研究型院校发展，普遍存在培养的人才不能满足社会需求的问题。随着招生生源紧张、新生报到率下降以及毕业生就业难度加大等问题的出现，地方本科院校办学中一些深层次问题逐步显现。为了解决这一突出矛盾，2014年2月26日国务院常务会议做出“引导部分普通本科高校向应用技术型大学转型”的战略部署，从国家层面上把应用技术型大学的地位予以确立。洛阳理工学院作为一所2007年专升本的地方高校积极向应用技术型大学转型，坚持走内涵式、特色化发展道路，以适应国家和地方经济产业结构转型升级对高素质技能人才的需要。

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毕业设计是洛阳理工学院材料成型与控制工程专业学生在校期间培养实践创新能力的最后一个实践教学环节。在洛阳理工学院面向应用技术性大学转型的背景下，如何借鉴国外应用型技术大学的成功经验，结合国内新升本科院校的改革实践，深入分析目前我校材料成型与控制工程专业毕业设计存在的问题并提出相应的改革措施，这对做好我校材料成型与控制工程专业毕业设计工作、提高本科毕业设计的教学质量、增强本专业的学生就业能力等方面都具有重要意义。

一、国外应用型技术大学的发展现状与特点

发展应用技术型本科教育，追求本科教育类型的多样化、合理化，是20世纪后半叶世界各国高等教育改革与发展的共同趋势。上世纪60年代末，欧美、日本等发达国家开始大力致力于应用型本科教育，培养了大批解决生产实际问题的专门人才，形成与普通大学相互补充、共同发展的双元格局。目前欧洲各国应用科技大学发展迅速，在整个高等教育体系中占比越来越高，其发展模式己经席卷了欧洲的高等教育系统。其中德国的应用科技大学办学模式最为成功，具有普及性和典型性[1]。其实践教学具有以下特点。

1.实践教学统一管理。德国应用科学大学的实践教学注重理论知识在企业实践中的应用。实践教学统一管理，建立了系统完整、设施良好，模拟生产环境的校内外实习基地。学生的毕业论文和毕业设计的题目通常来自生产实践，并具有工程应用价值。

2.师资队伍双师型。德国应用科学大学的教授一般都有博士学位，不仅具有良好的科学理论知识，而且具有五年以上在企业工作的经历，拥有丰富的工程实践经验。

3.校企关系紧密。德国应用科学大学强调的应用能力培养是通过产学研结合来实现的，因此与企业有着密切的联系。许多教师在教学同时还创办了公司或参与企业的工作，毕业设计完全是生产中实际需要的课题。

二、面向应用技术型大学转型下材料成型及控制工程专业毕业设计存在的问题

毕业设计是德国应用科学大学人才培养中一个至关重要的实践教学环节，其毕业设计是应用型高校毕业设计的典范。德国应用型技术大学毕业设计的最大特点是毕业实习、毕业设计、就业一体化，实现了毕业设计选题来自企业、校企联合指导毕业设计。德国应用科学大学毕业设计成功的关键在于成熟的校企合作模式，企业真正参与到人才培养中，把应用型人才培养看作自己的一种社会责任和义务并从中受益，其成熟的校企合作模式值得我国学习和借鉴[2]。

应用型本科是培养具有专业知识和技术的高级应用型、创新型人才的大学，由于人才培养目标的特定性，应用型本科毕业论文（设计）应突显应用性和实践性[2]。洛阳理工学院作为一所应用型本科院校，虽然十分重视实践教学，但和德国的应用型技术大学相比，其毕业设计存在一些突出问题。

1.由于我校专升本的时间比较短，“双师型”师资力量比较薄弱，真正有过企业或设计院工作经历的教师很少，大多数教师都是从学校毕业后直接到学校担任教职，缺乏真正过硬的工程设计和技术开发能力。

2.我校材料成型与控制工程专业毕业设计选题与实习、就业联系不大，脱离工程实际，学术化、形式化倾向明显。

3.毕业设计考核要求偏低，致使很多学生将主要精力放在找工作或考研上，毕业设计质量严重下滑。本科生的毕业设计图纸及说明书的质量比较低，从而造成我校毕业生走上工作岗位时，对专业知识不熟悉，基本技能不熟练，发现问题、分析解决问题的能力比较低，不但企业会对学校培养的学生印象不好，而且会影响学生的事业发展。因此，借鉴国外应用型技术大学的成功经验，深入分析目前我校材料成型与控制工程专业毕业设计存在的问题并提出相应的改革措施，提高本科毕业设计的教学质量、增强本专业的学生就业能力，成为我校材料成型与控制工程专业毕业设计工作的重中之重。

三、面向应用技术型大学转型下材料成型及控制工程专业毕业设计教学改革实践

洛阳理工学院在教学计划上将第八学期的前三周确定为毕业实习时间，将第八学期的后十四周确定为毕业设计时间。而洛阳理工学院材料成型及控制工程专业的学生在第七学期已经基本确定了毕业后的就业单位和去向，因此我们学校决定在第八学期实行具有我们学校特色的毕业实习、毕业设计、就业一体化模式，即学生的毕业实习和毕业设计根据毕业生的就业单位和去向实施不同的毕业实习和毕业设计方案，因材施教。

目前，洛阳理工学院材料成型及控制工程专业的毕业生毕业后的去向主要有两种情况，一种是在第五学期初就确定了本科毕业后的发展方向是继续深造，然后经过近一年时间的努力复习，通过了国家的研究生考试，被国内教育部“985”工程和“211”工程建设的大学以及其他具有硕士研究生培养资格的大学录取为硕士研究生；另一种是在第五学期初就确定了本科毕业后的发展方向是走向社会，开始工作。这部分学生，一般在第七学期就根据自己的职业兴趣，参加各种的招聘会，并通过积极努力，基本找到了自己中意的就业单位和就业岗位。 针对上述两种该专业毕业生毕业后的去向，我校制定了两种不同的毕业实习、毕业设计实施方案。对于考上研究生的同学的毕业实习，我们实行集中实习方案，由学校联系与本专业密切相关的大型企业或高新技术企业，例如，洛阳麦达斯铝业、中铝洛阳铜加工厂、中铝河南铝业、东风乘用车公司等，组织这部分学生进行集中毕业实习。通过毕业实习，拓宽了这部分学生的视野，加深了本专业学生的专业认知能力和实践动手能力。对这类学生我们实行一人一题制度。学生的毕业设计题目大多属于科学研究性题目，而且毕业设计的内容尽可能和研究生学校的专业研究方向相接近。这部分学生的毕业设计指导教师一般由具有博士学位或高级职称、正在从事科学研究项目的教师承担。毕业答辩时，将考上研究生的同学分为一组进行毕业答辩，答辩委员会成员主要由具有博士学位或高级职称、正在从事科学研

究项目的教师组成，学生提交的毕业设计答辩资料主要是一篇研究性论文，只要学生提交的毕业论文查重率在35%以下，就可以进行毕业设计答辩。学生毕业设计的成绩根据毕业论文的创新性和工作量进行综合评定。

对于已经签订就业协议的同学，其毕业实习和毕业设计一般放在就业单位进行，指导教师一般实行双导师制，一名指导教师由实践经验丰富的学校教师担当，另一名指导教师则由就业单位的技术人员担当。学生的毕业实习内容、毕业设计题目由两位指导教师和实习同学共同协商确定。对学生的毕业实习、毕业设计进度要进行定期的沟通和交流。毕业设计的题目类型一般要来源于就业单位的生产实践。毕业实习结束后，就业单位要出具实习证明和实习鉴定，实习学生要撰写一篇至少8000字的实习报告。毕业答辩时，将直接就业的同学分为一组进行毕业答辩，30%以上答辩委员会的成员要由企业技术人员担任，只要学生提交的毕业设计说明书查重率在35%以下，就可以进行毕业设计答辩。毕业设计的成绩根据毕业设计的应用创新性和工作量进行综合评定。

四、结语

德国应用科学大学的毕业设计是应用型高校毕业设计的典范，具有选题来自企业，校企联合指导，应用为本的质量标准，实习、毕业设计、就业一体化等特点。在面对应用技术型大学转型背景下，借鉴德国应用技术型大学毕业设计的成功经验，洛阳理工学院材料成型及控制工程专业的毕业设计通过加强对毕业实习和毕业设计的监控和管理，因材施教，实行了具有洛阳理工学院特色的毕业实习、毕业设计、就业一体化模式，提高了本专业毕业设计的教学质量、增强本专业学生的就业能力。

At present, the local undergraduate colleges and universities in our country's higher education occupies an important position in the system. But local colleges and universities is influenced by the traditional education mode, fuzzy positioning, development direction towards academic research institutions, widespread cultivation of talent can't meet the demand of social question. As the recruitment of students enrollment strain, new to report for duty rate decline and graduates employment difficult problem arises, some deep-seated problems gradually appear in the local undergraduate colleges. In order to solve the prominent contradictions, executive meeting of the state council on February 26, 2014 to "guide the part of the ordinary undergraduate course colleges and universities to the university of applied technology transformation" strategy, the application status of the university of technology from the national level shall be established. Luoyang institute of technology in 2007 as a rise this positive university of technical transformation to the application of local colleges, adhere to the teaching characteristic, development path, to adapt to the national and local economic transformation and upgrading of industrial structure on the needs of high-quality skilled personnel.

Graduation design is the luoyang institute of material forming and control engineering students to develop the innovative ability of practice during the period of school the last practice teaching link. In luoyang institute of technology for application in the background of technical transformation of university how to draw lessons from the successful experience of foreign university of applied technology, combined with domestic rise the undergraduate course colleges

and universities in the new reform practice, in-depth analysis of the current material forming and control engineering specialty in our school graduation design problems and put forward the corresponding reform measures, the prepared material forming and control engineering specialty in our school graduation design work, improve the teaching quality of undergraduate course graduation design, enhance the ability of professional students employment has important significance.

One, the abroad applied technology development present situation and the characteristics of university

Development and application technology of undergraduate education, the pursuit of diversification, rationalization of the type of undergraduate education, is the 20th century the world trend of higher education reform and development. In the late 1960 s, Europe and the United States, Japan and other developed countries started to strongly committed to the applied undergraduate education, to cultivate a large number of specialized personnel to solve the problem of actual production, formation and ordinary university complement each other and common development of the dual structure. Europe's application of university of science and technology is developing rapidly at present, higher and higher proportion in the whole higher education system, its development model has swept through Europe's higher education system. Of Germany's most successful application of university of science and technology education model, has a pervasive and typicality [1]. The practice teaching has the following characteristics.

1. The unified management of practice teaching. The practice teaching of the university of applied sciences in Germany the application of theoretical knowledge in the enterprise practice. The unified management of practical teaching, establish a complete system, good facilities, simulation of the production environment inside practice base. Students' graduation thesis and graduation design topic usually come from production practice, and has the engineering application value.

2. The teachers troop double. German university of applied sciences professors usually have doctorate, not only has the good scientific theory knowledge, but also has five years working experience in the enterprise, has rich experience in engineering practice.

3. The relationship between higher vocational colleges. Application of German university of applied sciences emphasize ability training is done by combining study, therefore has a close connection with the enterprise. Many teachers in the teaching at the same time also founded the company, or participate in the work of enterprise, the graduation design is completely practical need in production.

Second, for application technology university under the transformation of material forming and control engineering problems of graduation design

Graduation design is the education of talent of German university of applied sciences an important practical teaching link, the graduation design is applied the model of college graduation design. German university of applied technology graduation design is the biggest characteristic of graduation practice, graduation design, the integration of employment, realize the graduation design topic selection from enterprise, he guiding graduation design. Is critical to the success of the German university of applied sciences graduation design mature university-enterprise cooperation mode, enterprise really involved in the talent cultivation, the applied talents training is regarded as a kind of social responsibilities and obligations and benefit, its mature university-enterprise cooperation mode is worthy of our learning and reference [2].

Applied undergraduate is to develop professional knowledge and technology of advanced application-oriented and innovative talents of university, as a result of the talents cultivation target specificity, applied undergraduate graduation thesis (design) should be highlighted the applicability and practicality [2]. Luoyang institute of technology as an applied undergraduate colleges, while attached great importance to practice teaching, but compared to the German university of applied technology, the graduation design has some prominent problems.

1. Due to our school to rise only this time is short, "double type" teachers strength is weak, really a little teacher company or design institute work experience and most teachers directly after graduation from school to school faculty, the lack of real good engineering design and technology development capabilities.

2. The material forming and control engineering specialty in our school graduation design topic selection contact internship, employment, from the engineering practice, academic, formal tendency is obvious.

3. The graduation design inspection requirements is low, cause a lot of students will mainly focus on looking for a job or on one's deceased father grind, graduation design quality serious decline. Undergraduate graduation design drawings and specifications of quality is lower, resulting in the graduates in our school, to be going to work is not familiar to professional knowledge, basic skills is not skilled, found the problem, analysis, problem-solving ability is low, enterprises will not only cultivate the students to the school impression is bad, and affect the students' career development. Therefore, drawing on the successful experience of foreign university of applied technology, in-depth analysis of the current material forming and control engineering specialty in our school graduation design problems and put forward the corresponding reform measures, improve the teaching quality of undergraduate course graduation design, enhancing the professional ability of students employment, become material forming and control engineering specialty in our school graduation design work of top priority.

Three, for application technology university under the transformation of material forming and control engineering professional graduation design teaching reform practice

Luoyang institute of technology in the teaching plan will be the eighth semester of the first three Zhou Que as graduation practice time, will be the eighth semester after all identified as graduation design time. And luoyang institute of technology, material forming and control engineering student in the seventh semester has largely determines the employment unit and after graduation, so our school decided to have our school characteristics in the eighth semester of graduation practice, graduation design and employment integration mode, namely the students' graduation practice and graduation design according to the employment of graduates and to implement different graduation practice and graduation design, according to their aptitude.

Currently, luoyang institute of material forming and control engineering graduates after graduation to basically have two kinds of circumstances, one is at the beginning of the fifth semester will determine the development direction is to continue to study after undergraduate course graduation, and then after nearly a year of efforts to review, passed the exam of postgraduate in country, by domestic ministry of education "985" project and "211" project of the construction of the university and other university admissions with cultivation of postgraduate qualification for a master's graduate students; Another is at the beginning of the fifth semester will determine the development direction of undergraduate course graduation to

society, is to begin to work. This part of the students, in the seventh semester is commonly according to their own career interests, participating in various job fairs, and through the positive efforts, basic found his favorite employment unit and jobs. For the above two, after graduating from the graduate school of two different types of graduation practice, graduation design and implementation plan. Graduation practice for students admitted to graduate student, we centralize and internship www.dgalbuy.com www.zjljy.net program, the school contact closely related to this professional large-scale enterprises and high-tech enterprises, for example, luoyang aluminum Midas, chinalco luoyang copper processing plant, chinalco henan aluminum industry, dongfeng passenger car company, organize this part of the students focus on graduation practice. This part through the graduation practice, broaden the students' field of vision, deepened this professional students' cognitive ability and the ability to practice and professional. For this kind of students we shall practise a system of one man, one question. Most of the students' graduation design topic belongs to the scientific research topic, and the content of the graduation design as much as possible close to the direction of professional research and graduate schools. This part of the students' graduation design teachers usually have doctoral degrees or senior titles, teachers are engaged in scientific research projects. Graduation reply, will be admitted to the graduate students are divided into a group to carry on the graduation reply, mainly by the defense committee members have doctoral degrees or senior titles, is engaged in scientific research project of teachers, students submit the graduation design of defense is primarily a research paper, as long as students submit rate below 35% for graduation thesis, graduation design could be reply. Students according to the graduation design innovation and workload of the graduation thesis synthetically evaluation.

For students have to sign the employment agreement, the graduation practice and graduation design in the employment unit commonly, teachers generally implement double tutorial system, a guiding teacher taken by practice experienced school teachers, the other a guiding teacher, on the other hand, by the employment unit technical personnel. Content of students' graduation practice, graduation design topic by two teachers and internship students determine the mutual consultation. On students' graduation practice, graduation design progress to conduct regular communication and exchanges. Graduation design topic type generally is derived from the production practice of the employment unit. After the graduation practice, employment unit should issue a certificate of practice and internship appraisal, internship students to write an internship report at least 8000 words. Graduation reply, the direct employment of students can be divided into www.meiguoqianggen3.com www.hanyu100.neta group to carry on the graduation reply, more than 30% of the members of the committee to technical staff by the enterprise, as long as students submit rates for graduation design instruction that is under 35%, can for graduation design rejoin. Graduation design achievement according to the application of graduation design innovation and workload comprehensive evaluation.

Four, conclusion

German university of applied sciences is a model of applied universities graduation design, graduation design has selected topic from the enterprise, university-enterprise joint guidance, application for this quality standard, internship, graduation design, the integration of employment, etc. In the face of the university of applied technology transformation background, drawing on the successful experience of German university of applied technology graduate design, luoyang institute of material forming and control engineering professional graduation

design by strengthening monitoring and management of graduation practice and graduation design, according to their aptitude, implemented with characteristic of luoyang institute of graduation practice, graduation design, the integration mode of employment, improve the teaching quality of graduation design for the specialty, enhancing the students' employment ability.